Jacob Moore, Theresa DiDonato, Ph.D.
Masculinity and emotional intimacy: How social networks can affect emotional intimacy in romantic relationships
As of now, a disparity exists between rates of emotional intimacy expressed by men
as compared to women in the United States (Levant & Richmond, 2016). Emotional intimacy,
defined as an individual’s willingness to be open, honest, genuine, and willingness
to be one’s true self, can assist in building trust in a romantic relationship (Laborde,
vanDommelen-Gonzolez, & Minnis, 2014). Men in the United States engage in less emotional
intimacy expression than women, despite the fact that both men and women benefit from
the connection and trust emotional intimacy can bring (Levant & Richmond, 2016). The
gender disparity in emotional intimacy expression may be due to U.S standards of masculinity.
Masculinity in the United States places an emphasis on emotional stoicism, as well
as promiscuity in relationships (Kimmel, 2015), potentially impacting the learning
of appropriate emotionally intimate behaviors. For example, emotionally intimate behaviors
such as affectionate touch are often viewed as feminine, and are frequently frowned
upon in highly masculine social circles, especially by other men (Pascoe, 2007).
A growing body of research has suggested that individuals’ social networks (i.e.,
friends, families) often have a significant impact on their romantic relationships
experiences. Sprecher (2011) found that individuals within a social network directly
influence friends’ choice of romantic partner, and commitment to the relationship.
Moreover, social networks’ opinions of prospective partners are predictive of whom
individuals will choose to date, and how serious those relationships become (Macdonald
& Ross, 1999; Yahya & Boag, 2014). It is possible then that a more emotionally intimate
and expressive social network might influence individuals within that social network
to behave more intimately with their friends, as well as with their partners. The
present study uses experimental methods and hypothetical vignettes to examine how
the perception of engagement of emotional intimacy in men’s friend groups may affect
perceptions of engagement of emotional intimacy in men’s romantic relationships in
both public and private situations. Current predictions suggest that the more emotional
intimacy one perceives in a social network, the more one would expect an individual
within that social network to engage in emotional intimacy with their romantic partner
in both public and private settings.
Participants in this study, recruited via MTurk for nominal compensation, will be
self-identified heterosexual men between the ages of 18-50 whom currently reside in
the United States. Participants will be randomly assigned to read one of four brief
vignettes which present a hypothetical social network that exhibits low or high rates
of affectionate touch, as well as low or high rates of masculine attributed behaviors
(e.g., low emotional expression, professional motivation, and athleticism). Following
the vignettes, participants will complete the Affectionate Communication Index, a
19 item standardized survey designed to measure levels of affectionate communication
within a romantic relationship.
Significant findings might help clinicians better understand the disparity in emotional intimacy for men in the United States, and can assist in developing a dialogue with men about healthy emotional expression. Understanding of the effects of masculinity within a social network could also assist in removing the stigma around male emotional expressiveness, and help men feel more comfortable expressing emotions other than those generally accepted by masculine gender norms.
REFERENCES
Kimmel, M. S. (2015). Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame and silence in the construction of greater identity. In V. Burr & V. Burr (Eds.), Theorizing masculinities (pp. 365-384). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243627.n7
Laborde, N. D., vanDommelen-Gonzalez, E., & Minnis, A. M. (2014). Trust—that’s a big one: Intimate partnership values among urban Latino youth. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 16, 1009-1022. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.921837
Levant, R. F., & Richmond, K. (2016). The gender role strain paradigm and masculinity ideologies. In Y. J. Wong & S. R. Wester (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology series. APA handbook of men and masculinities (pp. 23-49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14594-002
MacDonald T. K., & Ross M. (1999). Assessing the accuracy of predictions about dating relationships: How and why do lovers’ predictions differ from those made by observers? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1417-1429.
https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0146167299259007
Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, you're a fag: Masculinity and sexuality in high school. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Sprecher, S. (2011). The influence of social networks on romantic relationships: Through the lens of the social network. Personal Relationships, 18, 630-644. https://doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01330.x
Yahya, S., & Boag, S. (2014). “My family would crucify me!”: The perceived influence of social pressure on cross-cultural and interfaith dating and marriage. Sexuality and Culture: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 18, 759-772. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9217-y